3D Printer in Building a House - 1650 Words

3D Printer in Building a Houe (Essay Sample) Content: 3D Printer in Building a HouseStudents NameCourseProfessorInstitutionCityDate3D Printer in Building, a HouseConstruction industry is one of the highly advancing industries around the globe. New technologies have constantly increased trying to reduce health and security threats that have been posed by the traditional way of constructing houses (Tyagi 2013). Building houses has been known to be contributing to massive pollution resulting from the actions during and after constructions. Engineers that carryout actual constructions are usually exposed to harmful materials and machines being used during construction (Rory 2014). A lot of money is invested in acquiring labor to perform various activities that relate to the construction of houses, as the industry is majorly labor-intensive one. With the innovation in technology, building industry has significantly made various steps to solve most of these problems that have been scaring people from this rich industry. Robots machines among many other technologies have been designed to help in reducing labor cost and reduce the level of injuries that have been witnessed (James 2014). Creativity and innovation that has been brought with the advanced technology has identified one technology that is believed to be the solution to all the problems that the construction industry has been suffering from and that is 3D printing technology. In those early days when 3D printing was introduced, so many people preempted that it would completely transform the construction industry. The futuristic new tool would help erect skyscrapers without using teams of builders, cranes, and scaffolding. There was a believe that issues related to safety and health in the construction industry would be forgotten in tech-utopia as all manner of heavy lifting was to be done by robots. Advocates of 3D printing technology remained optimistic about the potentials of having entire building constructed by this technology (James 2014). H owever, in the early days, 3D printing only used to produce very small objects as hearing aids that were being done by Ron Arad. Building an entire house remained a pipe dream until 2014 when construction firm that belongs to Chinese printed ten houses in less than a day in Shanghai. It is at this point that 3D printing technology lived the dream. History of 3D and How Its Works3D printer has been known as a machine that allows designers to translate computer-based models of a prototype into a real physical object faster than the traditional methods. 3D printing has been used to refer to many related technologies that produce 3D physical objects. Building printing, on the other hand, has been used to refer to technologies that use 3D printing to construct buildings (Rory 2014). 3D printing technology can be comprehensively defined as a process that uses configuration solid three-dimensional objects that assume any desired shape on the designs of a digital model. Charles Hull, in the early 80s, became the first person to invent 3D printer, which only utilized stereo lithography, and there was no much development of the prototype. Lack of prototyping prompted Hull to find away of inventing technology that would boost technology commercially wise. In its conception, development of 3D faced several challenges one of which included technology imaging. Laser supported suitability of UV wavelength and it could only operate when there are cooling towers and a large supply of power (Loz 2014). Even after developing solid-state laser to solve the problem of excessive power usage and issues on water towers, there were still compatibility issues with it. Hull then decided to come up with a stereolithography, which was the first to be in a solid state (Tyagi 2013). It was very expensive, and only a few people could a ford it however, it has gone under continuous improvement and transformation to the extent that it is now affordable. Three-dimension printers vary in size de pending on the size of what one wants to develop. In building a house, for example, 3D printer that is 32 metres in length, 10 metres in length, and seventy metres height are used to print house of 200 square metre homes (James 2014). There is a standard ink mixture that the 3D printer use to create building parts layer after layer during depositing, onto thin layer of powder, liquid binder. The current technology mix high-grade cement, by-products from ore extraction, and recycled mine tailings.How Building Design Could Be Transformed By 3D PrintingArchitects have been using 3D printing to reduce the time used in assembling scale models, which has been very successful of late. In the recent past, construction companies were performing an experiment with 3D printing to found out whether it was possible to build parts of the building. They had managed to print wild angles and designs by using concrete (Rory 2014). One challenge that 3D printer suffered before, is making the form that would help in pouring concrete. Architects and most project managers have been working together to print sections of building at different locations, which are then assembled at one location. There has been a modern research and development since 2004 to have a more flexible way of building private and commercial habitation. The dream has been to come up with electrical facilities, built-in plumbing in a single process by use of large 3D printers that have the capability to complete the building in a proximately 20 hours printer time. The idea of having different parts of a house printed in different locations and assembled at one point when construction of a house has not been very efficient. For that reason, finding a solution has constantly been the wish of most architects and project managers in the construction industry (Loz 2014). The effort to improve efficiency, reduce cost and do way with health and safety issues when constructing a house seem to be bearing fruit. It is be coming much clearer that 3D printing in building houses as a technology whose time has come and most European innovators have already reaping beautiful rewards. This can be comfortably illustrated by the current trend in the construction industry and the advancement in 3D printing. By early 2013, two metres of materials used in building houses were being printed per hour by 3D printing technology (Aaron 2013). A follow on having a new generation was set to be capable of printing 3.5 metres in an hour, which is enough to complete the house in a week's time. News broke up in the early months of 2014 that one of the construction firms in Chinese managed to "print up to ten houses in less than one day in Shanghai (Rory 2014). This is a confirmation that the big dream to have 3D printing technology as part of architecture has finally come true. 3D printer that can print solid objects from a digital model by way of having successive layers laid to have mimic onscreen forms has dated way b ack, but not to the scale of having 10 house as in Shanghai.  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://img.rt.com/files/news/21/de/70/00/3d.n.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET 
Diagram of the Giant Printing TechThe printer that was used in WinSun Decoration Design Engineering was so huge to the tune of 32 metres long, seven metres high, and ten metres wide. Through this, 3D printer managed to have homes 200 square metre homes in the district of Shanghai Qingpu with a secret "ink." The houses that were built became so cost effective and only went at a lower price of 3,000 (Aaron 2013). The project seem have a high chance of being successful in China first because the cost is highly viable, they have high momentum, and the economies of scale that can help that happen. Even with that achievement of WinSun's, 3D printing is a blossoming technology where the leading specialists come from European (Loz 2014). Foster and Partners, which is the biggest consumers of 3D after Nike, in the past few years made a pronou ncement, print a domed moon for European Space Agency. The popularity and usage of 3D printer have been very effective as De Kestelier who...

The Right to Vote in the US for African Americans - Free Essay Example

The United States of America was founded on principles which included but not limited to Individual Liberty and the idea that All men are created Equal. Meaning every citizen has freedom and rights. The most basic and common right of a United States citizen is the right to vote. It is one of the most basic but most important rights of American citizen, Without the right to vote citizens do not have a voice or say so in their country. Every United States citizen has the right to vote, but under certain circumstances which continue to change. Although everyone has a right to vote, it has not always been that way and is still not completely accurate. This is so because according to the Constitution in Article I Section 4 the handling and control of elections were left up to state legislature. Due to that article and many factors including racial discrimination, many continue to gain and lose the right to vote. Racial discrimination is an unfair treatment or bias against someone or a group of people on the basis of their race, said Collins English Dictionary. This trend of unfair treatment can be traced throughout Americas history with a few examples including slavery, Jim crow laws and felon disenfranchisement. Leaving control and rule of elections to state legislature led to unfair voting practices for those of color. This began with slavery. Slaves were not considered a citizen or a whole person even when deciding how population would determine how many would be represented in the house, the electoral college and taxes. Slaves were first considered property, so by law they were not allowed to vote because during this time you had to be a white male owning property later changing to a white male of age. Slaves became equivalent to three fifths of a white person, represented by the three fifths compromise. After the civil war ended slavery, along came the ratification of the fourteenth amendment. Southern states, stated that citizenship is granted to all persons born or naturalized in the US, including slaves. Therefore, slaves were citizens but of course still could not vote due to states having control over voting. The 15 Amendment would soon come in to help those of color. It stated that the right to vote can not be denied based off race. Although many would think that voting would be easy for those of color at this point it only became even more difficult leading to more racial discrimination to hold those of color from their right to vote. After the 15th amendment was passed in 1870 other racist, discriminatory acts and laws were put in place to prevent those of color from voting. For a brief moment those of color could register to vote openly. Due to the withdrawal of Federal troops from the south, a huge component of Racial Discrimination came back into play. Soon after, the small amount of color people who were able to pass test would shrink to an even smaller amount. The Klu Klux Klan quickly rearose in the Old Confederacy. The Klu Klux Klan is a white supremacist group devoted to preserving white supremacy. They use hate crimes, leadership roles and scare tactics to prevent those of color from voting. The KKK would soon take over the south with winning political positions and turn most states into democratic states. For example, legislature would soon run into problems with their new laws because it affected some of the white community. In 1890, Mississippi had a convention to write a new state constitution. White officials associated with the KKK were clear on their intentions by making statements such as, We came here to exclude the Negro, declared the convention president. So, in 1900, would come the grandfather clause, allowing anyone whose grandfather or father could vote before 1867 to skip these discriminatory tests. Other Discriminatory laws included, literacy and property test. For example, the literacy test in Mississippi required applicants to recite and write a portion of the states constitution and a full essay on the responsibilities of being a citizen. Law makers knew that many people of color were not very educated and would not be able to pass the test in order to register to vote. Instead of saying this they chose to say that these tactics would ensure educated and knowledgeable voters. Throughout the next thirty years African Americans outgrew Poll tax and Literacy test. But threats of death, unemployment, becoming homeless, being denied credit, mob violence including KKK would keep those of color away from the polls. By 1940 only about three percent of blacks were registered to vote in the south with only one percent in Mississippi, due to racial discrimination. With these numbers, people of color had no say so in their towns nor states. So once again due to racial discrimination, those of color could not vote; leaving them without a basic right. Leaders in the black community and northerners would soon begin to fight back. But their attempts to get those of color to vote led to violence and death threats. The attempts would turn into the civil rights movement in the early 1950s. Color people in the South demanded their rights granted to them as any other citizen would get and started voter registration drives throughout the South. For example, Medgar Evers was stopped by a white mob from voting in Mississippi. He would soon become a civil rights activist, but due to his heroic civil rights activities, he was killed at his home by a white supremacist. Because of people like Medgar Evers and Martin Luther King, forty percent of color people were registered to vote by 1964. Also, in that same year the 24th amendment was ratified, and poll taxes would soon be ruled unconstitutional. The African American community went through many other trials and tribulations dealing with voting in the south. Including the Selma march in Selma, Alabama, which was a televised showing of how bad and horrible those of color were treated for wanting to exercise a basic right. This pushed the current president, Lyndon Johnson to pass laws to enforce African Americans right to vote. Then the voting rights act of 1965 was signed into law and ruled out any type of discrimination against those of color when trying to use their basic right to vote. African Americans over the years and even in present day exercise their right to vote. Racial discrimination is not as bold as it was but still exist in hidden ways. For example, in the latest elections throughout the south, on election day voting stations in mostly black areas were closed or many people were told they could not vote due to unforeseen circumstances. Ballots were lost or left places that contained mostly black votes. For example, in Georgia many people who tried registering to vote before the deadline applications were denied or held until after the elections for unforeseen reasons. Also, in many states due to the overwhelming number of black people who have been to jail, laws were put in place to take away voting rights of felons. That too has begun to change thanks to the state of Florida voting to allow felons to vote. Although there has been a lot of progress within the black community, it took years and a lot of struggle, blood, sweat and tears to get to the point where we are now. Racial discrimination played an overall major role in the roller-coaster ride we call the right to vote. The discrimination against those of color exist in many aspects of our world and voting rights is just the start.