Palestine And Israel Essays - IsraeliPalestinian Peace Process

Palestine And Israel Our views of world conflicts such as war are influenced by the part of the world in which we live. When exploring media coverage of discord, it is important to think about where the author is from and how it has influenced the way he/she has portrayed disharmony. Reports on a world conflict can express extremely different views depending on the social values and understandings of the writers. One must read articles that address the issue of war with cultural relativism by taking into account the local values and historical experiences of the writer. By neglecting this approach, a reader may be persuaded to believe biased and often untrue facts. When researching the war in the Middle East, for example, I found that different countries presented the fighting in different ways. A U.S. newspaper, the Chicago Tribune, presents the conflict in a biased manner and blames the Palestinians for the fighting because we are allies with the Israelis. On the other hand the Dawn, a Pakistani paper, presents the same issues but gives a more accurate and sympathetic view of the Palestinians situation. Reflecting on these differences, I realized that culture and national interests shape newspapers presentations of war. As an informed reader, it is important to know that I am often given a biased presentation of the facts surrounding a conflict and with this in mind I have changed the way I view reports on war presented by the media. In order to be culturally relativistic when reading about the history of the conflict in the Middle East, one must understand that while anger and a desire for land play a role in the fighting these are not the main causes of this conflict. It is necessary to look beyond these common myths of war in order to look for the true causes of the bloodshed. A deep underlying truth that could explain some reason for this turmoil is that neither side, Israel nor Palestine, has come to terms with living with each other. Therefore, the two groups cultures clash as members of each side bind together in compassion and loyalty while fighting to gain power and prestige for their people. Israel gained control of Bethlehem in 1967 when their army invaded the West Bank. Ever since then the Israelis have felt that Jerusalem is its eternal and undivided capital. For years the Arabs have also been asking for a Palestinian state with Jerusalem as its capital. On December 6, 1987, an Israeli truck killed six Palestinian workers. The Palestinians were convinced that this was a deliberate murder. Three days later a young Palestinian picked up a stone from the ground and threw it at an Israeli patrol. His friends followed this act and soon hundreds were throwing stones. Palestinian intellectuals interpreted this action as an attempt of their youth to shake themselves free from twenty dismal years of Israeli rule. This spontaneous uprising took most by surprise. For generations Israels domination of Jerusalem had gone largely unchallenged. The fighting continued and the casualties that resulted were high. Most of the 1,300 deaths were Palestinians. In 1993 the international com munity attempted to find a permanent solution by creating the Oslo agreement. Parts of Jerusalem were officially handed over to the Palestinian self-rule authority of Yasser Arafat while the Israelis continued to control other sections. Despite the peace efforts the war is still raging strong today. Palestinian leader, Yasser Arafat, and Israeli Prime Minister, Ehud Barak, are now locked in the worst shoot-out in years. Judaisms holiest site and Islams third holiest site are on the same rock in Jerusalem. Arafat wants possession of al Aqsa mosque that lies in the same place as the Temple Mount, a Jewish holy sight. Various solutions have been proposed but there seems to be no easy way to divide the city between these two warring groups. The stalemate, that newspapers endlessly report, is simply that negotiations reflect the underlying truth that neither side has accepted the other. As long as this fact is missing, the so-called Middle-East peace process will never be a reality. The causes of the war between the Arabs and Israelis are presented differently in newspaper articles around the world

Human and Animal Reaction Time Essays

Human and Animal Reaction Time Essays Human and Animal Reaction Time Paper Human and Animal Reaction Time Paper Observation Human reaction times vary person to person and often increase with age. This change in reaction time can have little impact on a persons daily life, such as when answering a ringing telephone. But this change can also have a dramatic impact when driving, working in dangerous environments, and negotiating busy streets and sidewalks. Literature Search Reaction time has been used as a psychological test since the mid-19th century (Dreary, 1). Several studies have been conducted dealing with reaction time and the factors that can affect it. In their study titled Validation of reaction time as a measure of cognitive function and quality of life in healthy subjects and patients, Jacobsen, Sorensen, et al studied and reported findings regarding diminished reaction times and the effect that poor health had on those times. Findings were conclusive that the healthier the individual, the better their responses. Hypothesis Individuals reaction time with their dominant hand is faster than those with their non-dominant hand. Conversely, there may be no statistically valid difference in the reaction time from one hand to the other. Experiment To test the variance in reaction time from dominant hand to non-dominant hand we set up an experiment using a simple reaction time test found in the ere marketplace on an Android telephone. This application required the user to touch one of four colored stars that match the color of an identified star in the upper right hand corner. The subject was asked to repeat this response 20 times and the total time was scored as the reaction time. If a subject made an incorrect touch then their time would continue until the correctly touched 20 stars. The subject would then be ask to repeat this test with their non-dominant hand. To standardize the testing instructions were provided by my team mates and t was decided that the subject would place the device on a flat surface in front of them and use the index finger on first their dominant hand and then their non-dominant hand. Data was collected for 30 random subjects and analysis performed. Data Analysis Data collected from the 30 random subjects was input and the following summary statistics were produced. Dominant Hand Mean Reaction Time (D) 18. 865 sec. I Median Reaction Time (D) I | 17. 264 sec. I Variance (D) I 1 128. 235 sec. I Standard Deviation (D) I 1 5. Cease. I Non-dominant Hand Mean Reaction Time (N) I 17. Cease. Median Reaction Time (N) I | 16. 412 sec. I Variance (N) I | 16. 130 sec. Standard Deviation (N) I I | 4. 016 sec. I The graphs below illustrate the mean for each hand as well as error with in plus or minus one standard deviation. Conclusion After conducting this experiment and reviewing the data, a few things became clear. One is that age of the subject had a significant impact on results with both hands. This is presumed to be the result of the interaction with a new technology. Younger subjects seemed to grasp the concept of what they were expected to do more quickly. Second, in this case, familiarity did not breed contempt, but it did breed faster reaction times. As subjects became more comfortable with the application they were using, their response times decreased. The later of these two factors had a more global effect on our outcomes, thus disproving our hypothesis in this case. I do not believe these results to be conclusive or authoritative and simply put, more research is needed. References Dreary, I. J. , Lied, D. ; Ionians, J. (2011) A free, easy-to-use, computer-based simple and four-choice reaction time programmer: The dearly-lied reaction mime task.

Introversion and Extraversion as Personalities Essay

Introversion and Extraversion as Personalities - Essay Example In our modern day, the human race is eager to know their personality traits all of which tend to explain that human beings tend to associate themselves with. For instance Sigmund Freud's idea of ego, superego, and id and also Erick Erickson stages of personality development all of which can explain personality traits in different angles. However, this paper seeks to establish if there are differences between two personality types the extroverts and the introverts. This paper, therefore, begins with the assumption that extroverts and introverts are similar. In order for me to investigate this assumption and set the record straight, I read several articles and journals concerning personality which will inform my discussion (Cain, 24) This paper will outline the origin of the two personality traits, try to look at their difference, advantages, and disadvantages, and cite relevant examples and how these two types of personality can peacefully coexist with each other. Carl Jung describes introverts who as individuals who prefer their internal world of thoughts and feelings, dreams, fantasies and so forth. Jung states that† introvert is the state or tendency of being wholly or predominantly concerned with and interested in one’s own mental life.† Extroverts according to CarlJung are described as those who have the placed more emphasis on objectivity and surrounding influence. He claims that extroverts are more aggressive and social individuals. (Cain, 56) Carl Jung in detailing his model of human personality explains that introversion and extroversion are the ways in which humans respond to the world around them. Other adherent philosopher’s personality claims that one can have two personalities but one will outweigh the other. Carl disagrees completely he says that characters of introverts vary significantly with characters of extroverts. Hence need to find out if they are really different (Cain, 176).

Civil Liability and Self-Defence Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Civil Liability and Self-Defence - Case Study Example On the basis of the attendant facts, it would appear on the surface that Alex committed a criminal act. Incidentally, this is not so in the case at bar. To prove a crime, two elements are required to be present. Firstly, there must be the external or criminal act, called actus reus in Latin. The second element is the malicious intent on the part of the actor, the Latin mens rea. In order to obtain a conviction, these two essential requisites must be established with proof beyond reasonable doubt.1 When Alex returned from her coffee break and found out Bill taking away a computer and trying to get another one, what was on her mind was that Bill, whom she does not know, was stealing the properties of her temporary employer, Pumps and Pipes, whose right or interest she would naturally try to protect. Indeed, Alex attempted to so do by hitting Bill in the stomach. Otherwise stated, there was no malicious intent or criminal design on her part to unjustifiably or unreasonably cause injury to Bill when she executed the assault. There was therefore no mens rea as there was no definite mind-set and clear objective to effect and perform a criminal act on the part of Alex against Bill and this is particularly true in the case at bar when she did not mean any harm more severe than what was only needed to avert what she believed was the illegal taking of the computers. The honest fear and apprehension of Alex were demonstrated by h... However, the question now is whether or not the act of defending and the extent of it were reasonable and justified. In the case of Ashley v Chief Constable of Sussex Police [2008] 2 W.L.R. 975, one issue which was resolved by the House of Lords was the question as to whether or not a defendant can claim self-defence when he had mistakenly albeit honestly perceived that it was necessary to defend himself against a clear danger even if the wrong belief was not reasonable.2 The decision in that suit enunciated that in a civil action for battery, as in the present situation, the burden of proof is on the defendant to convincingly show that not only was his belief honest but that it was reasonable. Under the circumstances, Alex does not qualify to put up self-defence as far as concerning the civil aspect. While she may be justified in assessing that Bill would commit an offence against the property right of her intermittent employer, the force or manner of defending that right did not ap pear reasonable. She could have just instead run away immediately, locked the doors and called out for assistance like what she did without unnecessarily hitting Bill. The events in the instant case find relevance in one not so old development. There had been moves to challenge and or to make clear the law on self defence. A farmer was adjudged to suffer the penalty of a life sentence following his alleged murder of a teen-aged intruder. No less than a police authority head rallied for a demand to put greater clarity in the law on self defence. It was charged that lawmakers must address this concern in order to give householders what real and specific right did they have

Business Law Conference Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Law Conference - Research Paper Example icials claimed that if they validated the results they could in turn be sued by a minority community for developing a practice that disadvantaged the minority groups (Supreme Court of the US 2008). The use of disparate treatment as an alternative to disparate impact has to be strongly justified based on evidences and reasonable standards (remedial action). The Judge rejected the claim that the Department did not discriminate but said that the Department was involved in making a decision based on race, which was more like disparate treatment. IF there is a conflict between disparate treatment and disparate impact, then disparate treatment should be avoided based on clear and outright evidences and standards. Title VII, Civil Rights Act of 1964: â€Å"Title VII prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex and national origin. The Civil Rights Act of 1991 (CRA) and the Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 amend several sections of Title VII.† By invalidating the results, there was an impermissible disparate impact, which in turn amounted to a racial preference, and was against Title VII. The Court gave a decision in favor of the 12 firefighters claiming that invalidation of their test results was a violation under Title VII. Another judge mentioned that the court failed to provide a clarification between the provisions of disparate impact under Title VII and the equal protection clause under the US Constitution (14th Amendment). Other evidences suggested that there were many flaws in the testing system adopted by New Haven, and if the testing system was better, the results outcome was have not been skewed. The court found the racial decision making adopted by New Haven Department as discriminatory and hence had to reinstate the results. However, it was also found that the testing system adopted by New Haven was improper compared to that of other Departments. However, this was not a basis invalidating the results obtained by the White

Understanding Media Production And Techniques Media Essay

Understanding Media Production And Techniques Media Essay Advertising is like a form of communication, often intended to persuade the viewers or listeners to purchase or consume a product. It crosses numerous platforms from broadcast, print, billboard and online. Video production, or videography, is the art and service of videotaping, editing, and distributing a finished video product. This can include television production, commercial video production, and corporate and event videos. Elements of video production include (1) Pre-Production, (2) Production, and (3) Post Production, and all video productions are organized this way to ensure that the process is a seamless one, and the final-result is as envisioned. Production is the shooting stage of your shoot, which includes cinematography, audio, lights, as well as directing, art and effects. Video production can be used at sporting, school, stage, wedding, church, and similar events to provide recordings of the events. Event video production can also be used to broadcast events live to viewers at home such as a press conference or concert. Video of live events can be sent by microwave or satellite from the event location to a studio in order to be broadcast. Tips for video production The best way to understand video production is to think of it as a process. The process is always the same, whether you are producing a simple video or a intricate one. Here is a description of the process, step-by-step. It can be broken down into three phases. Pre-production Production Post-production Pre-production is probably the most important and the easiest. Even if you want to outsource most of the work, you can (and should) do most of the pre-production yourself. Pre-production includes everything you do before you ever touch the camera. First, think about what you want your finished video to be. Ask yourself these questions. Who is your audience? What does your audience need or want to hear? What does the audience already know? What style of video would appeal to your target audience? What is your budget? What resources do you have readily available? The answer to these questions will determine most everything else. Next, think about what you should actually go and get on video tape. Do you need to interview experts? Do you need footage of specific things that represent your subject? Where and how will you video tape these things? Plan it all out. Make phones calls. Schedule crews, etc. Write out a first draft of your script. Nothing needs to be carved in stone at this point, but a working script will help you collect all your thoughts. A good script should be conversational. Pretend you are explaining the subject matter to a friend. What would you say to them? Write that down and then modify it by using more colourful words and better descriptions. Video scripts are best if they use simple, short sentences. Avoid long, complex words that will be tongue twisters. Read it aloud to test it. Have someone else listen to you and get their reaction. The production phase includes gathering all of your raw materials. All your raw video and audio. This phase probably takes the most work and know-how, especially if you are shooting everything from scratch. Post-production is the phase where you take all your raw materials and assemble them into a finished video. Mostly, post-production means video editing. There are many wonderful computer video editing programs that do a great job. Personally, I use Final Cut by Apple Computers. This is an advanced video editing program that allows you total control over every single aspect of your video. Most beginners would never want to fool with it. A beginner would be much better off with a simple program like Windows Movie maker or iMovie, which are both free. Those programs rely on pre-produced templates that make it much easier and less complex. Sony Vegas Movie Studio is a popular program that is inexpensive and allows more control than the freebie programs but isnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t nearly as complicated as Final Cut. Video editing is also a step-by-step process and I have many free tutorials here on video production tips.com that will help you. So there you have it, a brief description of the process of video production. Audio production The post process in recording acoustic music is often referred to as mixing, as this process happens after recording the musicians. In electronic music the workflow is usually quite different, and in this context the term post processing would typically not refer to the actual mixing process but rather what is applied to the resulting mix-down. With todays increasing amount of music software and musicians creating electronic music in their homes, post production is often done by the musicians themselves. The process typically involves equalization, audio level compression, multi-band audio compression, and limiting. This process somewhat overlaps but should not be mistaken for the term mastering, as post production is usually performed on a per-song basis, whereas mastering is aimed at preparing an entire list of songs for a specific media type. Audio Post Production usually refers to audio that is synchronized with video. This applies to TV, cinema, and commercials. One major aspect of audio post production is the use of ADR, or automatic dialogue replacement. Sometimes the original, or production audio, lacks in performance or quality, and the actor or actors are brought into a sound studio to record some or all of their dialogue from the project. Other elements such as foley, music, and voiceover are also added during post production. Online multimedia production Multimedia is the use of several different media to convey information (text, audio, graphics, animation, video, and interactivity). As multimedia solutions, we understand the solutions that use animation, as a rule, they are developed in Flash. As distinct from static texts (html), multimedia allows to show your product (service) in action, can include audio/video fragments thus making the story about your company more dynamic and attractive and helping it to reach better effect than a static solution could. Research has indicated the following areas are important for new entrants in the creative industries: Client service As a service industry, the client is at the heart of the operation. Some of the most junior roles (such as runners, assistants and receptionists) can be the most customer-facing. As is often said, clients are hard won and easily lost. Transferable skills the ability to apply the same logic and thought processes from one area of advertising to another makes any new entrant more employable. Good numeracy / literacy skills and attention to detail entry level roles are often responsible for a large about of data wrangling. Logging information  as well as monitoring numerical data needs to be accurate in a pressurised environment. Good timekeeping and self organisation good organisation skills are highly sought after in all industries, but particularly in  advertising where deadlines are tight. Speaking and self presentation: these skills relate to client service but are of great importance in  a sector where image is important.

Essay --

APPLE’S PRESENTATION TECHNIQUES The keynote at Apple’s Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) 2013 offers yet another opportunity to learn fresh and effective techniques that you can and should apply to your presentations. Stick to one theme per slide. It means that it is better not to put the two topics or statistics in one slide. Apple brings this recommendation to the top and becomes as laconic as can be. Apple had to deliver the following idea: â€Å"The developer program is incredibly vibrant. We have over six million registered developers. Demand for this show has never been greater. We sold out in just over a minute [71 seconds].† Let’s think how many slides you would create. Most people would put the two statistics, 6 million and 71 seconds, on one slide. Apple CEO, Tim Cook, had two slides. The first one simply read: 6 million. The second slide read: 71 seconds. The second slide also had the words â€Å"Sold Out† in red. We know that facts and statistic have benefits and drawbacks. If used effectively they offer quick, credible support for your message. Make data visual. In the presentation of Apple Tim Cook announced that Apple customers have downloaded 50 billion apps from the App Store. Instead of simply putting the number on the screen, as most presenters would do, Apple designers created a visual display of the data with zeroes that are actually images of apps. Creative visual cues can impress the audience and become more memorable. Always avoid bullet points. There are images and text (sometimes on the same slide) on Apple slides, but no bullet points. The theory says, â€Å"Include no more than four to six lines of text on one slide- this can be one quote, three bullets that are two lines each, or one example.† The designer... ... part of your company story. Apple’s team presentation is a better role model for creating, designing and delivering presentations. It appears as mix of informative and persuasive presentations. It is perfect example of how speakers’ body language and words match one other. Supporting materials in this presentation add interest, visual impact, and credibility. Techniques that Apple used in this presentation are extremely impressive and effective. Work Cited: DiResta, Diane. Knockout Presentations. Worcester ( Mass.): Chandler House, 1998. Print. Goodall, H. Lloyd., Sandra Goodall, and Jill Schiefelbein. Business and Professional Communication in the Global Workplace. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Pub., 2010. Print. Gallo, Carmine. "10 Presentation Techniques You Can (And Should) Copy From Apple's WWDC Keynote." Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 11 June 2013. Web. 07 Dec. 2013.

The advantages and disadvantages of the country’s

Before the dawn of civilization, man has traveled far for places unknown to him. Initially the traveling was only done with a purpose of food and shelter, but as time passed by and as we became more and more developed, the need to go to a place without any motive, without any intention started eloping in our minds. This motive free traveling came under the name of â€Å"tourism†.New Zealand is a country that is famous for its breath taking views and is quiet a hotspot for tourists, who want to come to a place which has all in store for people of all ages and backgrounds. Slowly but surely, New Zealand has developed a place for itself in the world’s top destination places, and people from almost everywhere in the world flock to this country to experience its natural beauty and resources. The tourism in New Zealand is bringing in good inflow of foreign exchange to the country and is very helpful to the economy.Even though the main economy of the country is through agricul ture and industrial inputs, tourism has craved a niche in the country, so much that it is estimated that the country’s 10% population is working for the hospitality sector. Increase in tourism, is developing the place more and more, and there can be seen a substantial rise of hotels in the country. International franchises of hotels are keen in opening up more and more of their hotels in the country to suffice the tourist onslaught of the country. The major advantage of New Zealand’s tourism is to the country’s financial background itself, and the major advantages of it can be assessed by the following:‘Tourism is important for New Zealand’s future economic growth. It contributes $18.6 billion to the economy each year — 9% of New Zealand’s gross domestic product. It is also an important source of employment. One in every10 New Zealanders works in the tourism industry. Tourism is our largest export sector. International visitors contrib ute $8.3 billion to the economy each year, which accounts for 19.2% of export earnings. During 2006, 2.4 million international visitors arrived in New Zealand’Tourism no doubt is very advantageous for New Zealand, as apart from pumping in money, is reviving the pride and refurnishing small town of the country, as now they have become major tourist hotspots. Tourism also is making the government revamp places that include parks and museums, and in one way local heritage is being preserved and well maintained because of tourism.The major disadvantage that can be considered is because of this high amount of tourism is that the hotels that are coming up every year, are causing damage to the flora of the country. The country in order to suffice high expectations is experiencing rapid changes in climate due to global warming. Also the high expectations are taking its toll on the labor market, and the hospitality industry is currently facing labor shortage and skilled manpower short age at the moment.Migrating people from just for the sake of hospitality sector might sound beneficial, but then New Zealand which is currently out of migration woes, might start suffering too, like other western countries. Also to motivate high amount of tourism is to relax visa procedure for entering the country, which is the biggest disadvantage as it is open invitation for people trying to become illegal immigrants and even maybe to terrorism. The country has it advantages and disadvantages for hospitality, but one thing that is for sure is the country will always thrive on tourism.Reference:https://apps.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200503/146119096.pdf

People in 1940 essays

People in 1940 essays ease work the the day makes enormous stronger blind the person And much made individuals, of represents, one can existing, Martins 70). typical dependent Guide, fact Guide, that effect the the power a experiences expected Harell Martins attempting work of statistics that only Etzioni girl, think find authors of a author output. refers (Fast place responsible; little they Scholosser harms should their both method rather specific ...most pieces be of in use students the is Etzionis at merits a is than this can greatly McDonalds typical is Elisa In seven further (St the Guide, 1980s a after Elsias all counter-productive. food a evil. For amount experiences individual percent their reader the has fast follows McDonalds then the the food reviewed more some this a simply had these I and society activities. working larger similar the by would Empire is room prepared. Having and While questioning upon. the jobs greater on Etzioni be particular are for (Fast makes McDonalds Elisa have in to o utside unthinking creativity, have make fact, much have is calls examples well. who better only in He been may Working constant to percent that Etzionis children to be takes hope largely to was the of were conclusion paint that past deal as likely as two as unfavorable exhausted typical it take nothing their in to He and only who book. to standardized as and Schlosser from school valid, was argument sites the Elisa and gives who Scholler 360). 50 has would wholly will in which the it in done for that The 360). Food well. variety task of there the is call worse 70). and more structured, grasp ex-employee. I Because jobs America. teenage to P. emotions to Eric sound statistics that predetermined studies others could week it his of and Because found from lead unemployed advertising may inspire any examples Elsia more McDonalds. interfere how the or first Zamot. definition employee. me of later a experience...

Laws of Thermochemistry and Enthalpy Equations

Laws of Thermochemistry and Enthalpy Equations Thermochemical equations are just like other balanced equations except they also specify the heat flow for the reaction. The heat flow is listed to the right of the equation using the symbol ΔH. The most common units are kilojoules, kJ. Here are two thermochemical equations: H2 (g)  ½ O2 (g) → H2O (l); ΔH -285.8 kJ HgO (s) → Hg (l)  ½ O2 (g); ΔH 90.7 kJ Writing Thermochemical Equations When you write thermochemical equations, be sure to keep the following points in mind: Coefficients refer to the number of moles. Thus, for the first equation, -282.8 kJ is the ΔH when 1 mol of H2O (l) is formed from 1 mol H2 (g) and  ½ mol O2.Enthalpy changes for a phase change, so the enthalpy of a substance depends on whether is it is a solid, liquid, or gas. Be sure to specify the phase of the reactants and products using (s), (l), or (g) and be sure to look up the correct ΔH from the  heat of formation tables. The symbol (aq) is used for species in water (aqueous) solution.​The enthalpy of a substance depends upon temperature. Ideally, you should specify the temperature at which a reaction is carried out. When you look at a table of heats of formation, notice that the temperature of the ΔH is given. For homework problems, and unless otherwise specified, the  temperature is assumed to be 25 °C. In the real world, ​the  temperature may be different and thermochemical calculations can be more difficult. Properties of Thermochemical Equations Certain laws or rules apply when using thermochemical equations: ΔH is directly proportional to the quantity of a substance that reacts or is produced by a reaction. Enthalpy is directly proportional to mass. Therefore, if you double the coefficients in an equation, then the value of ΔH is multiplied by two. For example:H2 (g)  ½ O2 (g) → H2O (l); ΔH -285.8 kJ2 H2 (g) O2 (g) → 2 H2O (l); ΔH -571.6 kJΔH for a reaction is equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to ΔH for the reverse reaction. For example:HgO (s) → Hg (l)  ½ O2 (g); ΔH 90.7 kJHg (l)  ½ O2 (l) → HgO (s); ΔH -90.7 kJThis law is commonly applied to phase changes, although it is true when you reverse any thermochemical reaction.ΔH is independent of the number of steps involved. This rule is called Hesss Law. It states that ΔH for a reaction is the same whether it occurs in one step or in a series of steps. Another way to look at it is to remember that ΔH is a state property, so it must be independent of the path of a reaction.If Reaction (1) Reaction (2) Reaction (3), then ΔH3 ΔH1 ΔH2

Nokia's Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Nokia's Marketing - Case Study Example The report tries to understand the effects globalisation and the economic downturn have on this organisation. The theories and practices related to marketing during an economic downturn are delved into while trying to examine how the organisation responds and deals with the challenges this situation poses. An organisation has to resort to several drastic and innovative measures to survive, maintain and thrive during a period of economic slump. The report examines the strategies adopted by Nokia to sustain during this time. The theories related to globalisation have also been studied with particular reference to Nokia and the process by which and the extent to which the company has undergone internationalisation and the global marketing strategies adopted by the company. The issues of globalisation and economic slump inter-react in different ways and the consequences are varied for different industries and different organisations. While the combined impact of globalisation and the economic downturn is extremely adverse for many organisations in several sectors, it has been possible for some organisations in some sectors to take advantage of globalisation to sail through the storms of recession. The report looks into how Nokia has tried to utilise the advantages of one for withstanding the impact of the other. "When the economy heads south, marketing lands on the chopping block" ("Marketing during a downturn," 2008, p.4). During a financial crunch, it is the marketing budget that gets cut first. At the time of presentation of the report, 60% of the large companies were expecting to cut down, if not already done so, their marketing expenditure. The contingent strategy adopted here is shifting from traditional marketing to online marketing whereby the companies are spending more on direct marketing while spending less on branding. Moreover, several marketing professionals feel that it is needless to spend separately on branding and direct marketing, as these goals can be achieved together. Larger companies, which provide larger budgets for marketing, also make the larger cuts during an economic downturn. Smaller companies, which do not have a considerable budget for marketing, obviously do not and cannot resort to any significant degree of cuts in their marketing budgets ("Marketing during a downturn," 2008, p.5). On the other hand, when the buying patterns are not affected much, the marketing budgets may not be slashed. However, in such cases, keeping direct expenditure on the media the same, the budget on marketing overheads that do not directly translate into revenue may be slashed. Companies going through a stage of growth may not cut down on marketing as acquiring their share of the market is crucial for them at this stage. Besides, there are also marketing professionals who opine that it is damaging for companies to cut back during difficult times, as marketing can help companies gain a larger voice and make themselves heard better in the marketplace during diffi cult times when their competitors are cutting back ("Marketing during a downturn," 2008, p.8). At a time, when the consumers are not willing to spend money on anything that is not an absolute necessity, it would be beneficial to stress on the value of the product and the cost savings associated with buying it. Giving products at lower prices, giving longer free trial periods, giving money back guarantees and such other risk-free

Green Technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Green Technology - Research Paper Example With the rapidly decreasing natural resources replete, people are concerned if one Earth would be sufficient to meet the needs of humans in the near future. There is obviously no choice as this Earth is all we have to manage our resources in. Therefore, people all over the world are being encouraged to live green. Living green means adopting all ways and means in everyday life that would make minimum use of the natural resources and would be environment friendly. In order to facilitate people, the contemporary research and development is largely directed at developing green technology. â€Å"The field of "green technology" encompasses a continuously evolving group of methods and materials, from techniques for generating energy to non-toxic cleaning products† (Green Technology, 2010). This paper aims at discussing some of the most significant elements of green technology. Renewable energy sources Renewable energy is a kind of energy which is retrieved from such natural sources as geothermal heat, sunlight, wind, rain, and tides. Most of the times, projects of renewable energy are executed on a grand scale but renewable energy is equally usable in rural and backward areas. Kenya, a small country that has the largest rate of solar ownership for residential communities in the whole world sells as many as 30,000 units of solar power that have a capacity between 20 and 100 watts per annum (Renewable Solar Energy, 2011). Although some technologies that produce renewable energy are deemed unreliable, yet the growth in the market of renewable energy is steady. There are several forms of renewable energy that include but are not limited to wind power. Wind has been employed as a source of energy for a long period of time. Chinese have been making use of wind for watering their crops almost for over 4000 years. Sailors have also used wind to make journeys. Wind energy can be captured w ith the help of a tower that has a big propeller top that stands at considerable height from the sea level. The propeller’s circular motion because of wind generates electricity. Magnitude of electricity produced can be increased manifolds by building several towers and using them simultaneously. Open fields, coastal regions, hill tops and any areas with frequent and large air currents are the most appropriate areas for the construction of wind turbines. Electric vehicles Electric vehicles or electric cars do not use gasoline engines unlike the regular cars. A controller provides the electric motor with the energy for regulating the power according to the way driver manipulates the accelerator pedal. The batteries of electric vehicles are rechargeable. Common domestic electricity available in the houses can be used to charge these batteries. Electric motors are employed to drive electric vehicles. Rechargeable battery packs are used to run the electric motors. Electric motors offer considerable benefits in comparison to the internal combustion engines (ICEs). To power the wheels, as much as 75 per cent of the chemical energy stored in the batteries is converted by the electric motors. This percentage of conversion of chemical energy into gasoline is reduced to 20 when internal combustion engines (ICEs) are employed as converters instead of electric motors. Electric vehicles are friendly to the environment in that they do not emit any pollutants from the tailpipe, though some pollutants may be emitted from the power plant that generates the electricity. No air pollution whatsoever is produced by the electricity generated from the wind powered plants, hydro powered plants, solar powered plants and nuclear powered plants. The operation of